ABO and Rhesus blood group systems, biosynthesis, distribution and genetic theory. Blood group techniques - principles, advantages, and disadvantages. Preparation of Antisera - titration, avidity, potency and specificity. Plant lectins- preparation and standardization of lectins e.g. Dolochosbiflorus. Anticoagulants. Modes of action and side effects. Blood bottles, (MRC) and plastic bags - advantages and disadvantages, Donor screening using copper sulphate method - other methods of screening. Preparation and storage of blood products - cryoprecipitate, platelet rich plasma, packed cell fresh frozen plasma, fibrinogen, etc.